Which spacecraft took the photographs of the Caloris Basin?

The correct answer is MESSENGER because it was specifically designed to study Mercury and conducted detailed observations of the planet’s surface, including the Caloris Basin. This spacecraft entered orbit around Mercury in 2011 and sent back high-resolution images and data about the planet's geology, surface composition, and many of its unique features, such as the Caloris Basin, which is one of the largest impact craters in the solar system.

In contrast, the other spacecraft mentioned—Voyager 1, Hubble Space Telescope, and the Curiosity Rover—were either focused on exploring different celestial bodies or specific astronomical phenomena. Voyager 1, while it has provided important data about the outer planets, did not target Mercury. The Hubble Space Telescope primarily observes the universe from Earth’s orbit and focuses on distant astronomical objects rather than planetary surfaces. The Curiosity Rover is designed for exploration of Mars and is not capable of conducting missions on Mercury. Therefore, MESSENGER is the only spacecraft that directly approached and studied the Caloris Basin with the intent to gather detailed images and scientific data.